Publications based on OKO products
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High-resolution retinal imaging with micro adaptive optics system
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The authors describe a retinal imaging system based on 37-channel MMDM and Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor from OKO Technologies.
Applied Optics 50, 4365-4375 (2011).
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Author(s): **S. Niu, J. Shen, C. Liang, Y. Zhang, B. Li
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Optimal correction and feedforward control of low-order aberrations with piezoelectric and membrane deformable mirrors
By analysis of the mechanical equations, describing deformable mirrors, we show that the print-through is the natural property of a deformable mirror, which is completely defined by the geometry and mechanics of deformation. The print-through causes increased scattering in imaging applications, and can result in hot/cold spots in laser applications. Further development of adaptive optics for extreme UV applications would also require to address the print-through problem. We describe different ways to reduce, or completely eliminate the print-through in continuous faceplate and membrane deformable mirrors. In combination with simple hysteresis compensation, our approach allows for high-precision feedforward control of these deformable mirrors, directly in terms of Zernike modes.
Proc. SPIE 8165, 81650W (2011)
Author(s): Gleb Vdovin, Oleg Soloviev, Mikhail Loktev, Slava Savenko and Lukasz Dziechciarczyk
Multiphoton Fluorescence Microscopy with GRIN Objective Aberration Correction by Low Order Adaptive Optics
The authors describe a multiphoton confocal fluorescence imaging system equipped with a compact objective that incorporates a GRIN probe and requires no adjustment mechanisms. They minimized the effects of aberrations with optical compensation provided by a 15-mm 37-channel MMDM from Flexible Optical BV inserted in the optical path of the confocal architecture, resulting in greatly enhanced image quality.
** PLoS ONE 6(7)**, e22321 (2011). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0022321
Author(s): Bortoletto F, Bonoli C, Panizzolo P, Ciubotaru CD, Mammano F
**Experiments on speckle imaging using projection methods
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We present some experimental results of speckle imaging for near-diffraction-limited observation of ground-based scenery and astronomical objects through atmospheric turbulence. The method of alternating projections onto convex sets is used for iterative reconstruction of the point-spread function (PSF), combined with Wiener filtering for deconvolution and several pre-processing techniques. A modification of the optical system with aperture segmentation is considered. The results of imaging on a horizontal path and astronomical imaging are reported and compared with time averaged and best frame images. Apparent image improvement is demonstrated in a field much wider than the isoplanatic patch size.
Proc. SPIE 8165, 81650M (2011)
Author(s): M. Loktev, G. Vdovin, O. Soloviev and S. Savenko
Speckle imaging through turbulent atmosphere based on adaptable pupil segmentation
We report on the first results to our knowledge obtained with adaptable multiaperture imaging through turbulence on a horizontal atmospheric path. We show that the resolution can be improved by adaptively matching the size of the subaperture to the characteristic size of the turbulence. Further improvement is achieved by the deconvolution of a number of subimages registered simultaneously through multiple subapertures. Different implementations of multiaperture geometry, including pupil multiplication, pupil image sampling, and a plenoptic telescope, are considered. Resolution improvement has been demonstrated on a ∼550 m horizontal turbulent path, using a combination of aperture sampling, speckle image processing, and, optionally, frame selection.
Opt. Lett. 36, 2656-2658 (2011)
Author(s): Mikhail Loktev, Oleg Soloviev, Svyatoslav Savenko and Gleb Vdovin
Octave-spanning carrier-envelope phase stabilized visible pulse with sub-3-fs pulse duration
The visible second harmonic of the idler output from a noncollinear optical parametric amplifier was compressed using adaptive dispersion control with a linear deformable mirror from Flexible Optical B.V. The amplifier was pumped by and seeded in the signal path by a common 400nm second-harmonic pulse from a Ti:sapphire regenerative amplifier. Thus, both the idler output and the second harmonic of the idler were passively carrier-envelope phase stabilized. The shortest pulse duration achieved was below 3fs.
Opt. Lett. 36, 226-228 (2011)
Author(s): Kotaro Okamura and Takayoshi Kobayashi
Emission of spiral patterns from filaments in the infrared
The authors investigated the spectral and spatial properties of the supercontinuum emission of single filaments in air in the infrared (1.5 µm - 5.3 µm). The infrared emission of the filament was controlled by modulating the spatial phase of the femtosecond driver pulse with a deformable mirror. Filaments with a characteristic spiral emission pattern in the infrared were generated for a variety of different wavefront profiles of the femtosecond pulse. The properties of this novel class of emission were analyzed more closely. Further understanding of the corresponding emission dynamics of the filament will help to refine current models of filament propagation. The author have used 37-ch 30mm PDM from Flexible Optical B.V.
Optics Express 18 (23), 24258-24263 (2010)
Author(s): D. Walter, H. Bürsing, and R. Ebert
Optical design of a variable view imaging system with the combination of a telecentric scanner and double wedge prisms
Recent developments in micro-electro-mechanical systems and biotechnology have presented an emerging need for observation of dynamic targets in three-dimensional space. Unfortunately, conventional microscopes with fixed optical parameters have difficulty supplying sufficient vision information because of occlusion, small field of view, and low depth resolution. This paper introduces the design of a variable view imaging system that can supply a flexible view with a relatively large zenith angle and simple kinematics. Because of several performance factors, a multiobjective optimization process is applied to achieve an appropriate design. A prototype system is developed and used to verify the proposed design. The author have used 37-ch “OKO” deformable mirror.
Appl. Opt. 49, 239-246 (2010)
Author(s): Xiaodong Tao, Hyungsuck Cho, and Farrokh Janabi-Sharifi
Effect of correction of ocular aberration dynamics on the accommodation response to a sinusoidally moving stimulus
The authors used an adaptive optics system to correct the aberration dynamics of five subjects while they fixated on a monochromatic stimulus undergoing sinusoidal vergence changes between 1.5 and 2.5 D, at a temporal frequency of 0.2 Hz. The aberrations were measured at 20 Hz using a Shack-Hartmann sensor and corrected using a 37-actuator deformable mirror. The accommodation response (AR) was analyzed in terms of the gain and phase lag. Manipulation of aberrations significantly affected the gain of the AR for only one subject when the odd-order aberrations were corrected. The predictability of the sinusoidal stimulus could account for the lack of an effect in the remaining subjects and conditions. A 37-actuator piezoelectric deformable mirror from Flexible Optical B.V. was
used to manipulate the aberrations in real time.
Opt. Lett. 34, 3274-3276 (2010)
Author(s): Sem Sem Chin, Karen M. Hampson, and Edward A. H. Mallen
Model-based aberration correction in a closed-loop wavefront-sensor-less adaptive optics system
This paper presents an aberration correction approach for WFSless AO systems based on the model of the WFSless AO system and a small number of intensity measurements, where the model is identified from the input-output data of the WFSless AO system by black-box identification. This approach is validated in an experimental setup with 20 static aberrations having Kolmogorov spatial distributions. The setup uses 37-ch PDM from Flexible Optical B.V.
Opt. Express 18, 24070-24084 (2010)
Author(s): H. Song, R. Fraanje, G. Schitter, H. Kroese, G. Vdovin, and M. Verhaegen
Beam control and a new laboratory testbed for adaptive optics in a maritime environment
The Naval Postgraduate School is developing a laboratory environment for testing advanced beam control methods for compensation of atmospheric turbulence in adaptive optics for use in a maritime environment. This paper presents a multichannel transverse adaptive filter for beam control. Adaptive filters are useful for such control due to the constantly changing nature of atmospheric turbulence. A multichannel filter is required due to the multiple deformable mirror input commands and wavefront sensor output measurements in the system. The authors have used 59-ch MMDM from Flexible Optical B.V.
**Aerospace Conference, 2010 IEEE **, 1-13 (2010)
Author(s): Corley, C.M.S.; Nagashima, M.; Agrawal, B.N.
**Three-axis rapid steering of optically propelled micro/nanoparticles
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The authors present the design and implementation of a three-axis steering system, wherein a micro/nanoparticle is optically trapped and propelled to serve as a measurement probe. The system uses a 10-mm deformable mirror from Flexible Optical as an actuator for axial steering.
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 80, 063107 (2009)
Author(s):Yanan Huang, Jingfang Wan, Ming-Chien Cheng, Zhipeng Zhang, Sissy M. Jhiang, and Chia-Hsiang Menq
Dual wavefront sensing channel monocular adaptive optics system for accommodation studies
The authors present an adaptive optics system for investigation of the impact of the eye’s aberrations on the dynamic accommodation response. The system uses a 37-channel piezoelectric deformable mirror from Flexible Optical.
Optics Express 17, 18229-18240 (2009)
Author(s): Karen M. Hampson, Sem Sem Chin, and Edward A. Mallen
Dual-conjugate adaptive optics for wide-field high-resolution retinal imaging
The authors present analysis and preliminary laboratory testing of a realtime dual-conjugate adaptive optics instrument for ophthalmology that will enable wide-field high resolution imaging of the retina in vivo. The setup uses two deformable mirrors from Flexible Optical, one conjugate to the pupil and one conjugate to a plane close to the retina.
Optics Express 17, 4454-4467 (2009)
Author(s): Jörgen Thaung, Per Knutsson, Zoran Popovic, and Mette Owner-Petersen
Correction of low order aberrations using continuous deformable mirrors
The authors show that to achieve a high quality correction of low-order aberrations using membrane, bimorph and continuous facesheet mirrors, these mirrors should have sufficient number of actuators positioned outside the correction aperture.
Optics Express 16, 2859-2866 (2008)
Author(s): G. Vdovin, O. Soloviev, A. Samokhin, M. Loktev
Modal liquid-crystal wavefront corrector on a ceramic substrate: the single-contact approximation
The possibility of manufacturing a multichannel modal liquid-crystal corrector of a new type based on a ceramic substrate with a high permittivity is confirmed theoretically and experimentally. A mathematical model of the single-electrode corrector is proposed and used to study the dependences of the voltage and phase profiles on the properties of the corrector design. The technology of manufacturing a ceramic substrate with built-in electrodes is developed.
Quantum Electronics 37, 1169-1175 (2007)
Author(s): N. A. Klimov, S. P. Kotova, S. A. Samagin, M. Y. Kvashnin, G. V. Vdovin, M. Y. Loktev
Adaptive optics for enhanced signal in CARS microscopy
The authors report the use of adaptive optics with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy for label-free deep tissue imaging based on molecular vibrational spectroscopy. The setup employs the 15-mm 37-channel deformable membrane mirror and a random search optimization algorithm to improve signal intensity and image quality at large sample depths. The authors demonstrate the ability to correct for both system and sample-induced aberrations in test samples as well as in muscle tissue in order to enhance the CARS signal. The combined system and sample-induced aberration correction increased the signal by an average factor of ~3x for the test samples at a depth of 700 µm and ~6x for muscle tissue at a depth of 260 µm. The enhanced signal and higher penetration depth offered by adaptive optics will augment CARS microscopy as an in vivo and in situ biomedical imaging modality.
Opt. Express 15, 18209-18219 (2007)
Author(s): A. J. Wright, S. P. Poland, J. M. Girkin, C. W. Freudiger, C. L. Evans, and X. S. Xie
Direct optimization of femtosecond laser ablation using adaptive wavefront shaping
The authors introduce an approach based on using an iterative simulated annealing algorithm to drive the outcome of femtosecond laser ablation towards a specific target shape by using a two-dimensional deformable mirror by Flexible Optical B.V. Unlike previous work combining adaptive optics and laser machining the authors use the machining outcome itself as the fitness parameter for the optimization procedure. Single-pulse ablation features with programmable aspect ratios and dimensions as small as 2.5 µm are faithfully reproduced by the technique in a chromium-on-glass test sample.
J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt. 9, 1100-1104 (2007)
Author(s): S. Campbell, S.M.F. Triphan, R. El-Agmy, A.H. Greenaway and D.T. Reid
Liquid crystal wavefront corrector with modal response based on spreading of the electric field in a dielectric material
A novel liquid crystal (LC) wavefront corrector with smooth modal influence functions is proposed and realized. The modal character of the response is determined by spreading of the electric field in a thick ceramic substrate. The device implemented is operating in a reflective (mirror) mode; however, similar principles can be used to build a transmissive device.
Optics Express 15, 2770-2778 (2007)
Author(s): M. Loktev, G. Vdovin, N. Klimov, S. Kotova
Adaptive wavefront correction in two-photon microscopy using coherence-gated wavefront sensing
The authors demonstrate that resolution and signal size in two-photon microscopy can be substantially improved, even in living biological specimens, by adaptive wavefront correction based on sensing the wavefront of coherence-gated back-scattered light (coherence-gated wavefront sensing, CGWS) and wavefront control by a deformable mirror. A nearly diffraction-limited focus can be restored even for strong aberrations. CGWS-based wavefront correction should be applicable to samples with a wide range of scattering properties and it should be possible to perform real-time pixel-by-pixel correction even at fast scan speeds. The adaptive optics closed loop system uses a 37 actuator OKO membrane deformable mirror.
PNAS 103 , 17137-17142 (2006)
Author(s): Markus Rueckel, Julia A. Mack-Bucher, and Winfried Denk
Adaptive optics enhanced simultaneous en-face optical coherence tomography and scanning laser ophthalmoscopy
A novel combination of adaptive optics with a simultaneous en-face OCT/SLO system for high resolution imaging of the in-vivo human retina is presented. The adaptive optics closed loop system uses a 37 actuator OKO membrane deformable mirror.
Optics Express 14, 3345-3353 (2006)
Author(s): D. Merino, C. Dainty, A. Bradu, A. G. Podoleanu
Adaptive optics for ophthalmic applications using a pyramid wavefront sensor
The authors present a new adaptive optics system for the eye using a pyramid wavefront sensor interfaced in closed-loop with a 19-channel piezoelectric deformable mirror from OKO Technologies.
Optics Express 14, 518-526 (2006)
Author(s): S. R. Chamot, C. Dainty, S. Esposito
Dynamic closed-loop system for focus tracking using a spatial light modulator and a deformable membrane mirror
A dynamic closed-loop method for focus tracking using a spatial light modulator and a deformable membrane mirror within a confocal microscope is described. A 37-channel micromachined membrane deformable mirror from OKO Technologies is used.
Optics Express 14, 222-228 (2006)
Author(s): A. J. Wright, B. A. Patterson, S. P. Poland, J. M. Girkin, G. M. Gibson, M. J. Padgett
Hartmann-Shack test with random masks for modal wavefront reconstruction
The paper discusses the influence of the geometry of a Hartmann-(Shack) wavefront sensor on the total error of modal wavefront reconstruction.
Optics Express 13, 9570-9584 (2005)
Author(s): O. Soloviev, G. Vdovin
Adaptive beam profile control using a simulated annealing algorithm
The authors present a programmable beam-shaping method based on the combination of a deformable mirror and a simulated annealing algorithm. A 37-channel micromachined membrane deformable mirror from OKO Technologies is used. The experimental results show that the system is capable of adaptively creating, on demand, Gaussian and super-Gaussian beam profiles that closely match the desired target parameters.
Optics Express 13, 6085-6091 (2005)
Author(s): R. El-Agmy, H. Bulte, A. H. Greenaway, D. T. Reid
Comparative analysis of deformable mirrors for ocular adaptive optics
The authors have evaluated the ability of three commercially available deformable mirrors to compensate the aberrations of the eye. The mirrors evaluated were a 37 actuator membrane mirror and 19 actuator piezo mirror (OKO Technologies) and a 35 actuator bimorph mirror (AOptix Inc).
Optics Express 13, 4275-4285 (2005)
Author(s): E. Dalimier, C. Dainty
Modal wavefront correctors based on nematic liquid crystals
The thesis is dedicated to investigation and development of modal wavefront correctors based on nematic liquid crystals, including liquid crystal adaptive lenses and multi-element wavefront correctors. The technology is avaliable in OKO Technologies. A free printed copy of the thesis is available by request.
PhD thesis, Delft University of Technology (2005)
Author(s): M. Loktev
Adaptive correction of human-eye aberrations in a subjective feedback loop
An adaptive optical system with a subjective feedback loop is used to improve the visual acuity and to determine the aberrations of the human eye. The system is based on a 19-channel piezoelectric deformable mirror from OKO Technologies.
Optics Letters 30, 795-797 (2005)
Author(s): G. Vdovin, M. Loktev, A. Simonov, V. Kijko, S. Volkov
Programmable spectral phase control of femtosecond pulses by use of adaptive optics and real-time pulse measurement
The authors describe a programmable spectral-phase, pulse-shaping system for femtosecond pulses based on the 19-channel linear deformable mirror from OKO Technologies. Accurate spectral phase design as well as pulse intensity modulation was achieved with direct control of the mirror surface by use of a negative-feedback, mirror-surface control mode. Convergence to the chosen spectral-phase design was typically achieved within several seconds.
J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, 21, 4, 833–843 (2004)
Author(s): J. Garduño-Mejía, A. H. Greenaway, D. T. Reid
Spherical aberration correction for optical tweezers
In typical optical tweezers experiments the quality of the trap deteriorates due to optical aberrations caused by the refractive index mismatch at the glass–water interface when trapping deep inside a sample or out of the imaging plane. The authors correct these aberrations using a 37-channel micromachined membrane deformable mirror from OKO Technologies.
Optics Communications 236, 145–150 (2004)
Author(s): E. Theofanidou, L. Wilson, W. J. Hossack, J. Arlt
Designer femtosecond pulses using adaptive optics
The authors describe a femtosecond pulse shaper using a linear micromachined membrane deformable mirror from OKO Technologies.
Optics Express 11, 2030-2040 (2003)
Author(s): J. Garduño-Mejía, A. H. Greenaway, D. T. Reid
Feedback interferometry with membrane mirror for adaptive optics
Feedback interferometers can be used for many optical measurements as well as aberration correction. The choice of the phase modulator in the interferometer has major influence on the operation of the feedback system. Conventional wisdom is that independent actuator movement is a basic requirement for the modulator in order to allow the feedback system to operate in stable fashion and that membrane mirrors are not suitable. We demonstrate the operation of a feedback interferometer which uses a membrane mirror as the phase modulator. We show that even with the strong coupling introduced by the influence function of the membrane mirror, the feedback system can still operate normally. Our interferometer is based on a radial shearing polarizing Sagnac interferometer. The current system is able to correct static aberration with significant improvement on Strehl ratio.
Opt. Commun. 218, 33-41 (2003)
Author(s): D. C. L. Cheung, T. H. Barnes, and T. G. Haskells
On the possibility of intraocular adaptive optics
Authors consider the technical possibility of an adaptive contact lens and an adaptive eye lens implant based on the modal liquid crystal wavefront corrector, aimed to correct the accommodation loss and higher-order aberrations of the human eye. The demonstrator is based on a liquid crystal adaptive lens, which is available from OKO Technologies.
Optics Express 11, 810-817 (2003)
Author(s): G. Vdovin, M. Loktev, A. Naumov
Membrane deformable mirror for adaptive optics: performance limits in visual optics
The performance of a membrane deformable mirror with 37 electrodes (OKO Technologies) is studied in order to characterize its utility as an adaptive optics element.
Optics Express 11, 1056-1069 (2003)
Author(s): E. Fernandez and P. Artal
Three-dimensional virtual retinal display system using a deformable membrane mirror
A deformable membrane mirror from OKO Technologies is being used to generate multiple focal planes within a scanned light display, or virtual retinal display (VRD).
SID 02 Digest 50.4 (2002)
Author(s): S. C. McQuaide, E. J. Seibel, R. Burstein, T. A. Furness III
Three-dimensional virtual retinal display using a deformable membrane mirror
A deformable membrane mirror from OKO Technologies is being used to generate multiple focal planes within a scanned light display, or virtual retinal display (VRD).
MSc Thesis, University of Washington (2002)
Author(s): S. C. McQuaide
Modal liquid crystal wavefront corrector
Results are presented of the properties of a liquid crystal wavefront corrector for adaptive optics. The technology is avaliable in OKO Technologies by request.
Optics Express 10, 1258-1272 (2002)
Author(s): S. P. Kotova, M. Y. Kvashnin, M. A. Rakhmatulin, O. A. Zayakin, I. R. Guralnik, N. A. Klimov, P. Clark, G. D. Love, A. F. Naumov, C. D. Saunter, M. Y. Loktev, G. V. Vdovin, L. V. Toporkova
Deformable mirror with thermal actuators
A novel type of ultralow-cost deformable mirror with thermal actuators is reported. The mirror is available from OKO Technologies.
Optics Letters 27, 677-679 (2002)
Author(s): G. Vdovin, M. Loktev
Low-cost solar adaptive optics in the infrared
The authors have developed a low-cost adaptive optics system for solar observations in the infrared. 37-ch 15-mm OKO mirror is used.
Proc. SPIE 4853, ()
Author(s): Keller C.U., Plymate C., Ammons S.M.
Active transverse mode control and optimisation of an all-solid-state laser using an intracavity adaptive-optic mirror
A 37 element adaptive optic mirror from OKO Technologies has been used intracavity to control the oscillation mode profile of a diode-laser pumped Nd:YVO4 laser. Mode and power optimisation are demonstrated by closed loop automatic optimisation of the deformable mirror.
Optics Express 10, 550-555 (2002)
Author(s): W. Lubeigt, G. Valentine, J. Girkin, E. Bente, D. Burns
Comparison study of the performance of piston, thin plate and membrane mirrors for correction of turbulence-induced phase distortions
In the framework of the Kolmogorov turbulence model and analytical and numerical models of deformable mirrors, the authors investigated and intercompared the correction performances of piston, membrane and flexible faceplate (with either free edge, supported edge or clamped edge) adaptive mirrors featuring orthogonal, hexagonal and segmented ring actuator structures.
Optics Communications 192, 91-99 (2001)
Author(s): M. Loktev, D. W. De Lima Monteiro, G. Vdovin
Microelectromechanical system programmable aberration generator for adaptive optics
A 37-actuator micromachined membrane deformable mirror from OKO Technologies was used as a programmable aberration generator.
Applied Optics 40, 2063-2067 (2001)
Author(s): R. K. Tyson, B. W. Frazier
Cryogenic wavefront correction using membrane deformable mirrors
Micro-machined membrane deformable mirrors (MMDMs) are being evaluated for their suitability as wavefront correctors at cryogenic temperatures. Presented here are experimental results for the change in the initial mirror figure of 37-channel MMDMs from OKO Technologies upon cooling to T=78K. The changes in the influence functions are also explored. Of the sample of 3 mirrors tested, one was found to have sufficiently small initial static aberrations to be useful as a wavefront corrector at this temperature. The influence functions at T=78K were found to be similar in shape to both those at room temperature and theoretical predictions of the MMDMs surface shape. The magnitude of the surface deflection at T=78K was reduced by around 20% compared with room temperature values.
Optics Express 8, 17-26 (2001)
Author(s): Harold Dyson, Ray Sharples, N. Dipper, and Gleb Vdovin
Intracavity control of a 200-W continuous-wave Nd:YAG laser by a micromachined deformable mirror
A silicon micromachined membrane deformable mirror with a diameter of 10 mm, reflectivity of better than 99.8%, and a surface deflection range of 3 mm has been used for intracavity control of an industrial 200-W cw Nd:YAG laser.
Optics Letters 26, 798-800 (2001)
Author(s): G. Vdovin, V. Kiyko
Versatile 7-fs optical parametric pulse generation and compression by use of adaptive optics
Authors have compressed the output from a b-barium borate noncollinear optical parametric amplifier to ~7-fs pulse durations, using a micromachined deformable mirror (from OKO Technologies) with an efficient search algorithm.
Optics Letters 26, 1152-1154, (2001)
Author(s): M. R. Armstrong, P. Plachta, E. A. Ponomarev, R. J. D. Miller
Closed-loop adaptive optics in the human eye
Authors demonstrated real-time closed-loop correction of aberrations in the living eye. Defocus is removed by a motorized optometer, and higher-order aberrations are corrected by a membrane deformable mirror from OKO Technologies.
Optics Letters 26, 746-748 (2001)
Author(s): E. J. Fernández, I. Iglesias, P. Artal
Wave front control systems based on modal liquid crystal lenses
Authors describe electro-optical systems for adaptive focusing of linearly polarized light. The systems are based on liquid crystal adaptive lenses, which are commercially available from OKO Technologies.
Review of Scientific Instruments 71, 3290-3297 (2000)
Author(s): M. Yu. Loktev, V. N. Belopukhov, F. L. Vladimirov, G. V. Vdovin, G. D. Love, A. F. Naumov
Shaped-pulse optimization of coherent emission of high-harmonic soft X-rays
The technique of pulse compression was applied to generation of coherent soft X-ray beams. The pulse-shaping apparatus was based on a micromachined deformable mirror from OKO Technologies.
Nature 406, 164-166 (2000)
Author(s): R. Bartels, S. Backus, E. Zeek, L. Misoguti, G. Vdovin, I. P. Christov, M. M. Murnane, H. C. Kapteyn
Adaptive pulse compression for transform-limited 15-fs high-energy pulse generation
Authors demonstrate the use of a pulse shaper based on OKO’s micromachined membrane deformable mirror to correct high-order residual phase aberrations in a 1-mJ, 1-kHz, 15-fs laser amplif ier.
Optics Letters 25, 587-589 (2000)
Author(s): E. Zeek, R. Bartels, M. M. Murnane, H. C. Kapteyn, S. Backus, G. Vdovin
Smart microscope: an adaptive optics learning system for aberration correction in multiphoton confocal microscopy
Off-axis aberrations in a beam-scanning multiphoton confocal microscope are corrected with a deformable mirror from OKO Technologies.
Optics Letters 25, 52-54 (2000)
Author(s): O. Albert, L. Sherman, G. Mourou, T. B. Norris, G. Vdovin
A low cost adaptive optics system using a membrane mirror
A low cost adaptive optics system is presented. The system uses a 37 actuator membrane mirror (from OKO Technologies) and operates at frame rates up to 800 Hz using a single processor.
Optics Express 6, 175-185 (2000)
Author(s): C. Paterson, I. Munro, J. C. Dainty
Hybrid curvature and gradient wave-front sensor
Authors proposed a new wave-front sensor for adaptive optics that gives signals for the curvature and the two gradient components of the wave front simultaneously. The performance of such a sensor used in conjunction with a micromachined membrane deformable mirror (from OKO Technologies) is considered.
Optics Letters 25, 1687-1689 (2000)Author(s): C. Paterson, J. C. Dainty
Membrane deformable mirrors under CW laser load
Behavior of micromachined membrane deformable mirrors from OKO Technologies under continuous laser load has been investigated experimentally and theoretically.
Proceedings of SPIE 3762, 58-66 (1999)
Author(s): G. Vdovin, N. Kuegler, M. Schacht
Wave-front generation of Zernike polynomial modes with a micromachined membrane deformable mirror
Authors investigate the characteristics of a 37-channel micromachined membrane deformable mirror (from OKO Technologies) for wave-front generation. They demonstrate wave-front generation of the first 20 Zernike polynomial modes.
Applied Optics 38, 6019-6026 (1999)
Author(s): L. Zhu, P.-C. Sun, D.-U. Bartsch, W. R. Freeman, Y. Fainman
Aberration-free dynamic focusing with a multichannel micromachined membrane deformable mirror
Aberration-free dynamic focusing was demonstrated with a low-cost 19-channel micromachined membrane deformable mirror from OKO Technologies.
Applied Optics 38, 5350-5354 (1999)
Author(s): L. Zhu, P.-C. Sun, Y. Fainman
Adaptive control of a micromachined continuous-membrane deformable mirror for aberration compensation
An adaptive experimental system to compensate for the wave-front aberrations of a model eye has been built in which a 19-channel micromachined deformable mirror from OKO Technologies was used.
Applied Optics 38, 168-176 (1999)
Author(s): L. Zhu, P.-C. Sun, D.-U. Bartsch, W. R. Freeman, Y. Fainman
Pulse compression by use of deformable mirrors
An electrostatically deformable, gold-coated, silicon nitride membrane mirror from OKO Technologies was used as a phase modulator to compress pulses from 92 to 15 fs.
Optics Letters 24, 493-495 (1999)
Author(s): E. Zeek, K. Maginnis, S. Backus, U. Russek, M. Murnane, G. Mourou, H. Kapteyn, G. Vdovin
Multichannel liquid-crystal-based wave-front corrector with modal influence functions
Authors report on a multichannel liquid-crystal-based wave-front corrector with smooth modal influence functions. The technology is avaliable in OKO Technologies by request.
Optics Letters 23, 1550-1552 (1998)
Author(s): A. F. Naumov, G. Vdovin
Liquid-crystal adaptive lenses with modal control
Authors report on a novel approach to the realization of nematic liquid-crystal (LC) cylindrical and spherical lenses. The lenses are available from OKO Technologies.
Optics Letters 23, 992-994 (1998)
Author(s): A. F. Naumov, M. Yu. Loktev, I. R. Guralnik, G. Vdovin
Reconstruction of an object shape from the near-field intensity of a reflected paraxial beam
Experimental reconstruction of an object shape from the near-field intensity of reflected or transmitted light is reported. The method of reconstruction is based on the direct numerical solution of the finite difference representation of the paraxial irradiance-transport equation.
Applied Optics 36, 5508-5513 (1997)
Author(s): G. Vdovin
Flexible mirror micromachined in silicon
One of the first publications on the technology of micromachined membrane deformable mirrors (MMDMs).
Applied Optics 34, 2968-2972 (1995)
Author(s): G. Vdovin, P. M. Sarro